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Female Sexual Dysfunction: Definitions, Causes & Potential Treatments PDF Print E-mail
Written by Jennifer Berman, MD   
Article Index
Female Sexual Dysfunction: Definitions, Causes & Potential Treatments
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References:

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2. Rosen RC, Taylor JF, Leiblum SR, et al: Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women: results of a survey study of 329 women in an outpatient gynecological clinic. J. Sex. Mar. Ther. 19:171-188, 1993.

3. Read S, King M, Watson J: Sexual dysfunction in primary medical care: prevalence, characteristics and detection by the general practitioner. J. Public Health Med. 19:387-391, 1997.

4. Laumann E, Paik A, Rosen R. Sexual Dysfunction in the United States Prevalance and Predictors. JAMA, 1999, 281: 537-544.

5. Masters EH, Johnson VE: Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little Brown &Co.; 1966

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7. Goldstein I, Berman JR. Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: vaginal engorgement and clitoral erectile insufficiency syndromes. Int. J. Impot. Res. 10: s84-s90, 1998.

8. Weiner DN, Rosen RC. Medications and their impact. In: Sexual Function in People with Disability and Chronic Illness: A Health Professionals Guide. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publications Chpt. 6: 437, 1997

9. Ottesen B, Pedersen B, Nielesen J, et al: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide provokes vaginal lubrication in normal women. Peptides 8: 797-800, 1987.

10. Burnett AL, Calvin DC, Silver, RI, et al: Immunohistochemical description of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human clitoris. J. Urol. 158: 75-78, 1997.

11. Park K, Moreland, RB, Atala A, et al: Characterization of phosphodiesterase activity inhuman clitoral corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 249: 612-617, 1998.

12. Ottesen, B. Ulrichsen H, Frahenkrug J, et al: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the female genital tract: relationship to reproductive phase and delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 43: 414-420, 1982.

13. Ottesen B, Ulrichsen H., Frahenkrug J, etal: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the female genital tract: relationship to repoductive phase and delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec. 43: 414-420, 1982.

14. Natoin B, Maclusky NJ, Leranth CZ. The cellular effects of estrogens on neuroendocrine tissues. J Steroid Biochem. 30: 195-207, 1988.

15. Sarrel PM. Sexuality and Menopause. Obstet/Gynecol. 75: 26s-30s, 1990.

16. Sarrel PM. Ovarian hormones and vaginal blood flow: using laser Doppler velocimetry to measure effects in a clinical trial of post-menopausal women. Int. J. Impot. Rs. 10: s91-s93,1998.

17. Berman J, McCarthy M, Kyprianou N. Effect of estrogen withdrawal on nitric oxide synthase expression and apoptosis in the rat vagina. Urology 44: 650-656, 1998.

18. Burger HG, Hailes J, Menelaus M, et al : The management of persistent menopausal symptoms with estradiol-testosterone implants. Maturitas 6: 35, 1984.

19. Myers LS, Morokof PJ. Physiological and subjective sexual arousal in pre- and postmenopausal women taking replacement therapy. Psychophysiology 23: 283, 1986.

20. Park K, Goldstein I, Andry C, et al: Vasculogenic female sexual dysfunction: They hemodynamic basis for vaginal engrogement insufficiency and clitoral erectile insufficiency. Int. J. Impoten. Res. 9: 27-37, 1988.

21. Tarcan T, Park K, Goldstein I, et.al: Histomorphometric analysis of age-related structural changes in human clitoral cavernosal tissue. J. Urol. 1999.

22. Sipski ML, Alexander CJ, Rosen RC. Sexual Response in women with spinal cord injuries: Implications for our understanding of the able-bodied. J. Sex Mar. Therap. 25:11-22, 1999.

23. Nurnberg HG, Lodillo J, Hensley P, et al: Sildenafil for iatrogenic seratonergic antidepressant medication-inducted sexual dysfunction in 4 patients. J. Clin. Psych. 60(1): 33, 1999.

24. Rosen RC, Lane R. Menza, M. Effects of SSRI on sexual dysfunction: A critical review. J.Clin. Psychopharm. 19(1): 1999, 67.

25. Laan, E, Everaerd W. Physiologic al measures of vaginal vasocongestion. Int. J. Impt. Res. 10: s107-s110, 1998.

26. Ayton RA, Darling GM, Murkies AL, et. al.: A comparative study of safety and efficacy of continuous low dose estradiol released from a vaginal ring compared with conjugated equine estrogen vaginal cream in the treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 103: 351-58, 1996.

27. Kaplan SA, Rodolfo RB, Kohn IJ, et al: Safety and Efficacy of sildenafil in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction. Urology. 53(3) 481-486,1999.



Drs. Jennifer and Laura Berman:

Berman, J.R., Berman, L.A., & Goldstein, I. (in press). Female sexual function and dysfunction: Physiology, pathophysiology, evaluation and management. Objectives for Urology Residency Education.

Berman, J.R., Berman, L.A., & Goldstein, I. (1999). Female sexual dysfunction: Incidence, pathophysiolgoy, evaluation and treatment options. Urology 54, 385-391.

Berman, J.R., Berman, L., & Goldstein, I. (1998). Female sexual dysfunction; past, present and future. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality (1), 15-20.

Berman, J.R., Berman, L., & Goldstein, I. (1999). Female sexual dysfunction. The Female Patient, (23)12.

Berman, J.R., Berman, L.A., Werbin, T., J., Flaherty, E.E., Leahy, N.M., & Goldstein, I. (1999). Clinical evaluation of female sexual function: effects of age and estrogen status on subjective and physiologic sexual responses. International Journal of Impotence Research, 11(1), S31-S38.


Additional resources on female sexuality are available from MayoClinic.com:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/kegel-exercises/WO00119
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sexual-health/HA00035
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/womens-health/WO00110
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sexual-health/HQ01363


Last Updated ( Monday, 26 March 2007 )